Asian Journal of Epidemiology1992-14622077-205XAsian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/aje.2017.89.100Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenicity with Regards to Resistance and Virulence Genomics and Accessory Gene Regulator Locus Proteomics]]>HakimAshraf Samir AllamNesreen Allam Tantawy SyameSohier Mohamed SedkyDoaa HediaRiham Hassan ElshafaieMohamed Abdel Zaher 22017102Background and Objective: Livestock-associated multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) pathovars with characteristic genetic profiles could lead to differences in antimicrobial responsiveness, reduced treatment susceptibility, however, increased pathogenicity. In this study the prevalence of some LA-MRSA pathovars with characteristics genomic and metabolomics profiles within 3 animal species in specific epidemiological settings in Egypt were investigated. Materials and Methods: The study included small-holders farmers from 10 localities samples collected during 2014- 2016. The focus was exclusively on individuals with untreated skin abscess (pigs), recurrent mastitis (cows), apparently healthy carriers (goats). The interrelationships were evaluated among novel isolates with regards to agr locus expression, antimicrobial resistance pattern, virulence factors genetic profiles and antimicrobial-induced time to clearance of MRSA bacteremia. A chi-square test had estimated the prevalence of each gene profile where differences are significant at p<0.05 (SPSS 19). Results: Six hundred MRSA field isolates molecularly classified by 16S rDNA amplification (241 bp), sequencing, then blastn to genbank data base were included. The virulence factors; clumping factors A protein (clfA = 638 bp), thermo-nuclease (nuc = 395 bp), toxic shock syndrome toxin (tsst = 326 bp) and exfoliative toxins (etb = 226 bp) genes, were determined. Moreover, the accessory gene regulator locus (agr) expression in relation to α and δ Hemolysis grad was estimated that ranged from 0- +4 in a strains virulence-dependent manner. In addition, antimicrobial resistance genes profiles were determined to guide treatment trails; methicillin (mecA = 310 bp), vancomycin (vanA =1030 bp) and erythromycin (ermC = 295 bp). Finally, the antimicrobial-induced time to clearance of LA-MRSA bacteremia were compared between studied animal species. Conclusion: It was concluded that clearance of LA-MRSA was significantly dependent on the interactions of the virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes and the agr locus expression in relation to hemolysis grad. Hence, considering these future strains of unknown pathogenicity, they could reveal sub-acute, untreated, recurrent and/or food poising diseases.]]>Torky, H.A. and S.M. Abu Tabeikh,2016Staphylococcus isolated from mastitis cows and human contact.]]>51112117El-Masry, R.M., H.A. Torky and L.S. El-Gebaly,2016Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different sources.]]>51116Al-Ashmony, A.L., A.A.F. Al-Sawy and H.A. Torky,2016Staphylococcus aureus isolates from mastitis cows.]]>499098Alsagher, O.A.,2016Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cattle and camels in Egypt.]]>486268Hakim, A.S., A.S. Abuelnaga, A.M. Ezz-Eldeen, M.A. Bakry and S.A. Ismail,2015914921498Smith, T.C. and N. Pearson,2011Staphylococcus aureus ST398.]]>11327339Loeffler, A. and D.H. Lloyd,2010Staphylococcus aureus in the community?]]>138595605McCarthy, A.J., J.A. Lindsay and A. Loeffler,2012Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) equal in all hosts? Epidemiological and genetic comparison between animal and human MRSA.]]>23267275Loncaric, I., R. Brunthaler and J. Spergser,2013Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398.]]>5116251626Verhegghe, M., L.J. Pletinckx, F. Crombe, T. Vandersmissen and F. Haesebrouck et al.,2013Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 in pig farms and multispecies farms.]]>60366374Loncaric, I., F. Kunzel, T. Licka, H. Simhofer, J. Spergser and R. Rosengarten,2014Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Austrian companion animals and horses.]]>168381387Berends, E.T.M., A.R. Horswill, N.M. Haste, M. Monestier, V. Nizet and M. von Kockritz-Blickwede,2010Staphylococcus aureus facilitates escape from neutrophil extracellular traps.]]>2576586Loeffler, A., M. Linek, A. Moodley, L. Guardabassi and J.M. Sung et al.,2007Staphylococcus intermedius in Europe: 12 cases from a veterinary dermatology referral clinic in Germany.]]>18412421Ruscher, C., A. Lubke-Becker, C.G. Wleklinski, A. Soba, L.H. Wieler and B. Walther,2009Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from clinical samples of companion animals and equidaes.]]>136197201Liu, C., A. Bayer, S.E. Cosgrove R.S. Drum and S.K. Fridkin et al.,2011Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children.]]>52e18e55Stevens, D.L., Y. Ma, D.B. Salmi, E. McIndoo, R.J. Wallace and A.E. Bryant,2007Staphylococcus aureus.]]>195202211Pletz, M.W., O. Burkhardt and T. Welte,2010Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia: Linezolid or vancomycin?-Comparison of pharmacology and clinical efficacy.]]>2010Schilcher, K., F. Andreoni, S. Uchiyama, T. Ogawa, R.A. Schuepbach and A.S. Zinkernagel,2014Staphylococcus aureus clearance through inhibition of nuclease activity by clindamycin and immunoglobulin.]]>210473482Mwangi, M.M., S.W. Wu, Y. Zhou, K. Sieradzki and H. de Lencastre et al.,2007in vivo evolution of multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by whole-genome sequencing.]]>10494519456Schlegelova, J., H. Vlkova, V. Babak, M. Holasova, Z. Jaglic, T. Stosova and P. Sauer,2008Staphylococcus spp. isolates from the food chain.]]>53307314McAleese, F., S.W. Wu, K. Sieradzki, P. Dunman, E. Murphy, S. Projan and A. Tomasz,2006Staphylococcus aureus exhibiting vancomycin-intermediate-S. aureus-type resistance to vancomycin.]]>18811201133Weiß, S., K. Kadlec, A.T. Feßler and S. Schwarz,2013Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus pettenkoferi from a small animal clinic.]]>167680685Sass, P., A. Berscheid, A. Jansen, M. Oedenkoven and C. Szekat et al.,2012Staphylococcus aureus VC40, a vancomycin-and daptomycin-resistant strain, to study the genetics of development of resistance to currently applied last-resort antibiotics.]]>19421072108Beco, L., E. Guaguere, C.L. Mendez, C. Noli, T. Nuttall and M. Vroom,2013172156160Boles, B.R. and P.K. Singh,20081051250312508Boles, B.R., M. Thoendel, A.J. Roth and A.R. Horswill,2010Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation.]]>2010Hu, Y., Y. Xie, J. Tang and X. Shi,2012Staphylococcus aureus.]]>9265271Dunman, P.M., E. Murphy, S. Haney, D. Palacios and G. Tucker-Kellogg et al.,2001Staphylococcus aureus genes regulated by the agrand/or sarA Loci.]]>18373417353Moise, P.A., A. Forrest, A.S. Bayer, Y.Q. Xiong, M.R. Yeaman and G. Sakoulas,2010Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: Role of platelet microbicidal protein killing and agr genotypes.]]>201233240Fowler, Jr. V.G., G. Sakoulas, L.M. McIntyre, V.G. Meka and R.D. Arbeit et al.,2004Staphylococcus aureus infection is associated with agr dysfunction and low-level in vitro resistance to thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein.]]>19011401149Tsuji, B.T., M.J. Rybak, K.L. Lau and G. Sakoulas.20075110891091Zecconi, A., G. Casirani, E. Binda and R. Piccininni,20022002Guliye, A.Y., C. van Creveld and R. Yagil,2002Camelus dromedarius) using somatic cell counts and the N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase test.]]>3495104Hogan, J.S., R.N. Gonzalez, R.J. Harmon, S.C. Nickerson, S.P. Oliver, J.W. Pankey and K.L. Smith,1999Barrow, G.I. and R.K.A. Feltham,20033rd Edn.,Beenken, K.E., P.M. Dunman, F. McAleese, D. Macapagal and E. Murphy et al.,2004Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.]]>18646654684Allam, N.A.T., S.G. Abd-Ellatif and R.H. Hamouda,2009Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli isolates with regard to profile of virulence proteins.]]>3457464Sakoulas, G., G.M. Eliopoulos, R.C. Moellering Jr., C. Wennersten, L. Venkataraman, R.P. Novick and H.S. Gold,2002Agr) locus in geographically diverse Staphylococcus aureus isolates with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin.]]>4614921502Hamouda, R.H. and N.A.T. Allam,201111245256Martineau, F., F.J. Picard, P.H. Roy, M. Ouellette and M.G. Bergeron,1996Staphylococcus epidermidis.]]>3428882893Mason, W.J., J.S. Blevins, K. Beenken, N. Wiboow, N. Ojha and M.S. Smeltzer,20013933323338Mehrotra, M., G. Wang and W.M. Johnson,2000Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 and methicillin resistance.]]>3810321035McClure, J.A., J.M. Conly, V. Lau, S. Elsayed, T. Louie, W. Hutchins and K. Zhang,2006Staphylococcal virulence marker panton-Valentine leukocidin genes and simultaneous discrimination of methicillin-susceptible from-resistant Staphylococci.]]>4411411144Kariyama, R., R. Mitsuhata, J.W. Chow, D.B. Clewell and H. Kumon,20003830923095Gao, J., M. Ferreri, X.Q. Liu, L.B. Chen, J.L. Su and B. Han,2011Staphylococcus aureus and selected antibiotic resistance genes in bovine mastitic milk samples.]]>23894901Thompson, J.D., D.G. Higgins and T.J. Gibson,19942246734680Seidl, K., A.S. Bayer, V.G. Fowler Jr., J.A. McKinnell and W.A. Hady et al.,2011Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia isolates.]]>55575582Seidl, K., L. Chen, W. Abdel Hady, B.N. Kreiswirth and Y.Q. Xiong,2011agr transcription, functionality and locus sequence profiles of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and correlation to vancomycin responsiveness in an experimental endocarditis (IE) model.]]>2011CLSI.,200616th Edn.,Pages: 183Pages: 183Hsu, D.I., L.K. Hidayat, R. Quist, J. Hindler, A. Karlsson, A. Yusof and A. Wong-Beringer,2008Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.]]>32378385Alan, B. and C. Duncan,2012Pages: 408Pages: 408Altschul, S.F., T.L. Madden, A.A. Schaffer, J. Zhang, Z. Zhang, W. Miller and D.J. Lipman,19972533893402Ibrahim, E.A., N.A.T. Allam, E.E.Z. Kotb, G.A. El-Rafey, M.M. Alaa El-Deen and M.G. Fadlallah,2012Bola-DRB3.2* allelic polymorphism in Egyptian cows.]]>9822Hamouda, R.H., H.A. Allam and N.A.T. Allam,2014Arcanobacerium pyogenes (Trueperella pyogenes).]]>74739754Seidl, K., A.S. Bayer, J.A. Jr McKinnell, S. Ellison, S.G. Filler and Y.Q. Xiong,2011In vitro endothelial cell damage is positively correlated with enhanced virulence and poor vancomycin responsiveness in experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.]]>1315301541