Plant Pathology Journal1812-53871812-5425Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/ppj.2017.41.53Moniliophthora roreri and a Phylogenetic Analysis]]>Dorado OreaMariana D.Romero-CortesTeresa Lopez-PerezPablo A.Perez EspanaVictor H.Ramirez-LepeMario Cuervo-ParraJaime A.12017161Cocoa is an important crop in tropical climates in America. Nevertheless, cocoa farmers are affected by many fungal diseases of which the frosty pod rot is one of the biggest obstacles for this crop. The causal agent of this disease is Moniliophthora roreri, specialized pathogenic fungus that invades actively growing cocoa pods of Theobroma cacao and related species of gender Theobroma and Herrania. In cocoa pods M. roreri can cause different symptoms or combinations of these. Fruits appear sporadically that appear healthy but are internally damaged, which are recognized being heavier. The M. roreri is able to develop a complete cycle on an average of 183 days, reaching a high incidence of the disease due to the fungus ability to infect all stages of fruit development. Frosty pod rot can cause damage up to 80% in production and has become the principal parasitic limitation for cocoa production in Mexico and other countries, reason for which have been carried out studies on its temporal progress and management. Currently, there is not much updated and scientific information about its occurrence, symptomatology, etiology, epidemiology, life cycle, strategies of control, management of that disease and molecular characterization, so this review is done with these important topics, bringing with it to this area of knowledge.]]>PROEXPORT,20122012Alvarez, J.C., S.C. Martinez and J. Coy,2014Moniliophthora roreri in Colombia].]]>63388399, (In Spanish)FEDECACAO,20142014Hebbar, P.K.,20079716581663Meinhardt, L.W., G.G.L. Costa, D.P. Thomazella, P.J.P. Teixeira and M.F. Carazzolle et al.,2014Moniliophthora roreri, which causes frosty pod rot disease of cacao: Mechanisms of the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases.]]>2014Phillips-Mora, W.,2003Theobroma cacao L.) fungus Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al. as determined using molecular, phytopathological and morpho-physiological evidence.]]>2003Evans, H.C.,20022002pp: 83-112pp: 83-112Leach, A.W., J.D. Mumford and U. Krauss,2002Moniliophthora roreri in Costa Rica.]]>21317326Enriquez, G.A. and C.C. Suarez,197828339340Jorgensen, H.,197015413Evans, H.C., U. Krauss, R.R. Rios, A.T. Zecevich and G.E. Arevalo,199851722Evans, H.C.,1981Moniliophthora (Monilia) roreri.]]>24144Phillips-Mora, W., A. Coutino, C.F. Ortiz, A.P. Lopez, J. Hernandez and M.C. Aime,2006Moniliophthora roreri causing frosty pod rot (moniliasis disease) of cocoa in Mexico.]]>55584584Cuervo-Parra, J.A., V. Sanchez-Lopez, M. Ramirez-Suero and M. Ramirez-Lepe,2011Moniliophthora roreri causal agent of frosty pod rot of cocoa tree in tabasco, Mexico.]]>10122127Ploetz, R.C.,20079716341639Galindo, J.J. and G.A. Enriquez,19831983pp: 128Evans, H.C., J.A. Stalpers, R.A. Samson and G.L. Benny,1978Monilia roreri, an important pathogen of Theobroma cacao in South America.]]>5625282532Pudri, L.H.,19861986pp: 28Lopez, B.O., O.M. Gonzalez, V.R. Lee, A.G. Alvarado and S.I.G. Ramirez et al.,20061st Edn.,pp: 3-33pp: 3-33Phillips-Mora, W., M.C. Aime and M.J. Wilkinson,2007Theobroma cacao) pathogen Moniliophthora roreri in tropical America.]]>56911922Aime, M.C. and W. Phillips-Mora,2005Theobroma cacao) form a new lineage of Marasmiaceae.]]>9710121022Melendez, L. and E. Somarriba,1999Moniliophthora roreri spore quantity in the air under three leguminous shade system for cacao].]]>63941, (In Spanish)Andrade, P.A.L., V.H.D. Nunez and A.A. Morales,1996pp: 1-16pp: 1-16Sanchez-Mora, F., F.R. Garces, J.F. Vera, R.A. Ramos, F. Troya and T.G. Diaz,2011Theobroma cacao L.) cobs in the central zone of the Ecuadorian Coast.]]>2011Phillips-Mora, W. and F.P. Amores,20142014Phillips-Mora, W.,20062006Barros, N.O.,19801980pp: 14-17pp: 14-17Phillips-Mora, W., C.F. Ortiz and M.C. Aime,20062006pp: 11Mora, F.D.S. and F.R.G. Fiallos,2012Moniliophthora roreri (Cif y Par) Evans et al. in the crop of cocoa].]]>3249258, (In Spanish)Lopez-Baez, O., S.I. Ramirez-Gonzalez, S. Espinosa-Zaragoza, J.L. Moreno-Martinez, C. Ruiz-Bello, J.M. Villarreal-Fuentes and O. Gonzalez-Mejia,2014Moniliophthora roreri (Cif. & Par.) in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico].]]>11623, (In Spanish)Hardy, F.,19611961Calbimonte, M.,20052005Phillips-Mora, W. and R. Cerda,20092009pp: 5-7pp: 5-7Evans, H.C., K.A. Holmes and A.P. Reid,200352476485Villavicencio, M. and M. Jimenez,2010Moniliophthora roreri isolated from five provinces of the Ecuadorian Coast.]]>2010Kendrick, B.,20003rd Edn.,pp: 200-215pp: 200-215Porras-Umana, V.H.,1982Monilia roreri Cif. & Par.) of cacao and its relation with the production of the tree in the area of Matina.]]>1982Merchan, M.V.,19801980pp: 63-65pp: 63-65Reuck, D.,1997212Campuzano, H.,1980132124Hernandez, T.A., H.F. Aranzazu, E. Arevalo and R.R. Rios,199025658Johnson, J.M., J.C. Bonilla and C.L. Aguero,20082008Cuervo-Parra, J.A., M. Ramirez-Suero, V. Sanchez-Lopez and M. Ramirez-Lepe,2011Trichoderma harzianum VSL291 on phytopathogenic fungi isolated from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) fruits.]]>101065710663Leal, F.,19991999Albuquerque, P.S.B., C.N. Bastos, E.D.M.N. Luz and S.D.V.M. Silva,2005Theobroma cacao).]]>2005pp: 151-163pp: 151-163Navarro, M. and I. Mendoza,20062006Amores, F., J. Agama, C. Suarez, J. Quiroz and N. Motato,20092009Suarez, Y.J. and F.A. Hernandez,2010Theobroma cacao L) in Colombia, with emphasis on Monilia (Moniliophthora roreri).]]>2010Latunde-Dada, A.O.,2001Colletotrichum: Tales of forcible entry, stealth, transient confinement and breakout.]]>2187198Oliver, R.P. and S.V.S. Ipcho,2004Arabidopsis pathology breathes new life into the necrotrophs-vs.-biotrophs classification of fungal pathogens.]]>5347352Torres-Palacios, C. and M. Ramirez-Lepe,2016Moniliophthora roreri, causal agent of frosty pod rot and Theobroma cacao pods.]]>154956FHIA.,20032003Cruz, B.S.M.,1993Monilia roreri (Cif. & Par.).]]>1993Quiroz, V.J.,2002Theobroma cacao L.) from Ecuador.]]>2002Sanchez-Mora, F., T.G. Diaz, J.F. Zambrano, R.A. Ramos, J.F. Vera and S.M. Medina,2011Theobroma cacao L.) genotypes at the experimental farm of the dam, Quevedo, Ecuador.]]>2011Enriquez, A.G.,20042004Sanchez, L., E. Gamboa and J. Rincon,2003Moniliophthora roreri Cif. & Par.) in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Barinas State].]]>20188194, (In Spanish)Solis, J., P. Ruiz and A. Zamarripa,2009Theobroma cacao L.) in Mexico.]]>2009Debouck, D., A. Ebert, E. Peralta, M.A. Barandiaran and M. Ramirez,2008534653, (In Spanish)Phillips-Mora, W., J. Castillo, U. Krauss, E. Rodriguez and M.J. Wilkinson,2005Theobroma cacao) clones against seven Colombian isolates of Moniliophthora roreri from four pathogen genetic groups.]]>54483490Bailey, B.A., M.D. Strem, H. Bae, G.A. de Mayolo and M.J. Guiltinan,2005Theobroma cacao in response to mechanical wounding, ethylene and/or methyl jasmonate.]]>16812471258Krauss, U., M. ten Hoopen, E. Hidalgo, A. Martinez and C. Arroyo et al.,2003Moniliophthora roreri) of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Talamanca, Costa Rica].]]>105258, (In Spanish)Cuervo-Parra, J.A., V. Sanchez-Lopez, T. Romero-Cortes and M. Ramirez-Lepe,2014Hypocrea/Trichoderma viridescens ITV43 with potential for biocontrol of Moniliophthora roreri Cif & Par, Phytophthora megasperma and Phytophthora capsici.]]>817041712Suarez-Contreras, L.Y.,2006Moniliophthora roreri causing moniliasis in municipalities of northeastern Colombia and preliminary trials for their biological control].]]>1138, (In Spanish)Seng, J., G. Herrera, C.S. Vaughan and M.B. McCoy,2014Trichoderma fungi in spray solutions to reduce Moniliophthora roreri infection of Theobroma cacao fruits in Northeastern Costa Rica.]]>62899907Andia, F.C.,1997pp: 16-136, (In Spanish)pp: 16-136, (In Spanish)Bateman, R.p., J. Hidalgo, C. Garcia, G. Arroyo, G.M. ten Hoopen, V. Adonijah and U. Krauss,2005Moniliophthora roreri) in Costa Rican cocoa (Theobroma cacao).]]>147129138Ramirez-Gonzalez, S.I., O. Lopez-Baez, T.D.J. Guzman-Hernandez, S. Munguia-Ulloa and J.L. Moreno-Martinez,2011Moniliophthora roreri (Cif & Par). Evans et al. of cocoa Theobroma cacao L.].]]>241018Ayala, M., and D. Navia,2008Moniliophthora roreri) in the cultivation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) by the use of fungicides, combined with cultural work].]]>2008Phillips-Mora, W. and M.J. Wilkinson,20079716441647Taylor, J.W., D.J. Jacobson, S. Kroken, T. Kasuga, D.M. Geiser, D.S. Hibbett and M.C. Fisher,2000312132Ortega, S.P.G. and L.A. Kafuri,2007Moniliophthora roreri with AP-PCR and RAPD in Antioquia, Colombia].]]>91532, (In Spanish)Gutarra, C.B.A., M.J. Silva, K.J. Marquez and B. Leon,2013Moniliophthora roreri fungus' isolations based on RAPD markers].]]>3100110, (In Spanish)Tiburcio, R.A., G.G.L. Costa, M.F. Carazzolle, J.M.C. Mondego and S.C. Schuster et al.,2010Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri, two of the major pathogens of cacao.]]>708597Costa, G.G.L., O.G. Cabrera, R.A. Tiburcio, F.J. Medrano and M.F. Carazzolle et al.,2012Moniliophthora roreri, the frosty pod rot pathogen of cacao.]]>116551562Tamura, K., G. Stecher, D. Peterson, A. Filipski and S. Kumar,20133027252729Rorer, J.B.,19181918McLaughlin, H.,1950234Galindo, J.J.,19861986pp: 5866Lopez, G.M.A. and V.O. Enriquez,1980Monilia roreri Cif. et. In cocoa, Theobroma cacao L. on the border of Costa Rica-Nicaragua].]]>1980Porras, V.H. and G. Enriquez,1998pp: 13-20pp: 13-20Phillips-Mora, W., J. Cawich W. Garnett and M.C. Aime,2006Moniliophthora roreri on cacao in Belize.]]>55584584