A. Azlan
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universitiy Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
H.E. Khoo
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universitiy Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
M.A. Idris
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universitiy Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
I. Amin
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universitiy Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
M.R. Razman
Institute for Environmental Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
This study aims to report on drinking water consumption patterns and perception on usage of drinking water available in Klang Valley, Malaysia. A total of 225 adults aged 21-65 completed the questionnaire which consists of three sections. Socio-demographic data, drinking water consumption patterns were determined. Perceptions were based on the quality and price as well as reasons for intake of tap, bottled drinking water and bottled mineral water. About 79% of the subjects drank 5 to 12 glasses of water a day. Among the subjects, 73%, 14.8% and 11.9% consumed tap water, bottled mineral water and bottled drinking water, respectively. The reasons for consuming bottled water include safety, health, quality and taste. The results also showed that the subjects perceived low to acceptable qualities for tap water, while bottled drinking water and mineral were perceived as having relatively higher quality. Tap water was considered cheap in price by all subjects, while bottled drinking and mineral waters were rated acceptable to high by most subjects. Findings of this study exemplify the importance of consumers perception on drinking water as a mean of education and communication on quality of drinking water they consume.
PDF References Citation
How to cite this article
A. Azlan, H.E. Khoo, M.A. Idris, I. Amin and M.R. Razman, 2012. Consumption Patterns and Perception on Intake of Drinking Water in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 11: 584-590.
DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2012.584.590
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2012.584.590
DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2012.584.590
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2012.584.590
REFERENCES
- Ahmad, R.A., E. Lee, I.T.L. Tan and A.G. Mohamad-Kamel, 1997. Occurrence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in raw and treated water from two water treatment plants in Selangor, Malaysia. Water Res., 31: 3132-3136.
CrossRef - Betancourt, W.Q. and J.B. Rose, 2004. Drinking water treatment processes for removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Vet. Parasitol., 126: 219-234.
CrossRefDirect Link - Clasen, T.F. and A. Bastable, 2003. Faecal contamination of drinking water during collection and household storage: The need to extend protection to the point of use. J. Water Health, 1: 109-115.
PubMedDirect Link - Doria, M.F., 2006. Bottled water versus tap water: Understanding consumers' preferences. J. Water Health, 4: 271-276.
PubMed - Ferrier, C., 2001. Bottled water: Understanding a social phenomenon. AMBIO: J. Hum. Environ., 30: 118-119.
CrossRef - Gadgil, A., 1998. Drinking water in developing countries. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ., 23: 253-286.
CrossRef - Hobson, W.L., M.L. Knochel, C.L. Byington, P.C. Young, C.J. Hoff and K.F. Buchi, 2007. Bottled, filtered and tap water use in Latino and non-Latino children. Arch. Pediatr. Adolescent Med., 161: 457-461.
CrossRef - Jones, A.K., S.E. Majowicz, V.L. Edge, M.K. Thomas and L. MacDougall et al., 2007. Drinking water consumption patterns in British Columbia: An investigation of associations with demographic factors and acute gastrointestinal illness. Sci. Total Environ., 338: 54-65.
PubMed - Leong, K.H., L.L. Benjamin Tan and A.M. Mustafa, 2007. Contamination levels of selected organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in the Selangor River, Malaysia between 2002 and 2003. Chemosphere, 66: 1153-1159.
CrossRef - Muraki, E., 1990. Fitting a polytomous item response model to Likert-type data. Applied Psychol. Measure., 14: 59-71.
CrossRef - Reckhow, D.A. and P.C. Singer, 1990. Chlorination by-products in drinking waters: From formation potentials to finished water concentrations. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 82: 173-180.
Direct Link - Zani, C., D. Feretti, A. Buschini, P. Poli and C. Rossi et al., 2005. Toxicity and genotoxicity of surface water before and after various potabilization steps. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutag., 587: 26-37.
CrossRef - Zeithaml, V.A., 1988. Consumer perceptions of price, quality and value: A means-end model and synthesis of evidence. J. Market., 52: 2-22.
CrossRefDirect Link