International Journal of Poultry Science1682-83561994-7992Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/ijps.2018.167.174IsmailNermeen M. El-DeebAyman H. EmaraMohamed M. TawfikHoda I. WanisNabil Abdel HusseinHussein A. 42018174Background and Objective: Avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses are a continuous threat to poultry industry. Vaccines are increasingly used to control these viral infections. This study aimed to develop efficacious vaccines and vaccination strategies against avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses. Methodology: Two formulations of bivalent vaccines for avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses were prepared based on the use of IMS1313-nanoparticles (mucosal vaccine) and Montanide ISA71 (parental vaccine) adjuvants. The prepared vaccines were delivered in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens with different vaccination protocols. Cell mediated and humoral immune response (cytokine expression levels including IFN-γ and IL-6, lymphocyte proliferation, antibodies titers against both H5N1 and NDV) were measured. Challenge trial was carried out to determine the protection percent and shedding pattern of the challenged viruses. Results: Results of the present study revealed a significant increase of IFN-γ and IL-6 genes expression and lymphocytes proliferation in the vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated group. Two applications of the mucosal vaccine demonstrated higher hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers and protection percentage ranged from 40-50% with different levels of virus shedding as measured by qRT-PCR assay. However, when the vaccines were applied in a prime-boost protocol (mucosal-parental, respectively), protection reached 90 and 100% against avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), respectively. No shedding of the NDV-challenge virus was detected whereas, AIV-challenge virus was detected in the samples of the 3rd day post-challenge. Conclusion: Indeed, the use of mucosal-parental vaccines in a prime-boost vaccination protocol demonstrated the potentiality of such approach.]]>Hikono, H., M. Mase, A. Matsuu, M. Nakayama and T. Saito,20131518389OIE.,20152015pp: 1-23pp: 1-23Khan, T.A., C.A. Rue, S.F. Rehmani, A. Ahmed, J.L. Wasilenko, P.J. Miller and C.L. Afonso,20104818921894Kandeil, A., Y. Moatasim, M.R. Gomaa, M.M. Shehata and R. El-Shesheny et al.,201634218224Lone, N.A., E. Spackman and D. Kapczynski,20173534013408Kim, J.K., G. Kayali, D. Walker, H.L. Forrest and A.H. Ellebedy et al.,20101071104411049Cattoli, G., L. Susta, C. Terregino and C. Brown,201123637656Zhang, L., M. Zhang, J. Li, T. Cao, X. Tian and F. Zhou,2008in vivo.]]>85495502Seo, K.Y., S.J. Han, H.R. Cha, S.U. Seo, J.H. Song, S.H. Chung and M.N. Kweon,201018536103619Yoshikawa, T., K. Matsuo, K. Matsuo, Y. Suzuki and A. Nomoto et al.,20048523392346Hasegawa, H., T. Ichinohe, S.I. Tamura and T. Kurata,20076193201Hong, S.H., Y.H. Byun, C.T. Nguyen, S.Y. Kim and B.L. Seong et al.,201230466474Al-Garib, S.O., A.L.J. Gielkens, E. Gruys and G. Kochi,200359185200Zhao, K., G. Chen, X.M. Shi, T.T. Gao and W. Li et al.,20122012Chen, K. and A. Cerutti,201033479491Kang, H., H. Wang, Q. Yu and Q. Yang,20129110741080Savelkoul, H.F.J., V.A. Ferro, M.M. Strioga and V.E.J.C. Schijns,20153148171Pichichero, M.E.,20084262270Park, K.S., J. Lee, S.S. Ahn, Y.H. Byun and B.L. Seong et al.,2009395182189Jang, S.I., H.S. Lillehoj, S.H Lee, K.W. Lee and E.P. Lillehoj et al.,2011Eimeria acervulina.]]>182163170Riffault, S., G. Meyer, M. Deplanche, C. Dubuquoy and G. Durand et al.,20102837223734King, D.J.,199135505514Suzuki, K., H. Okada, T. Itoh, T. Tada and M. Mase et al.,20098374757486Londt, B.Z., A. Nunez, J. Banks, H. Nili, L.K. Johnson and D.J. Alexander,2008Anas platyrhynchos) infected experimentally.]]>37619627Wise, M.G., D.L. Suarez, B.S. Seal, J.C. Pedersen and D.A. Senne et al.,200442329338Sasaki, T., N. Isoda, K. Soda, R. Sakamoto and K. Saijo et al.,200956189198Joo, H.M., Y. He, A. Sundararajan, L. Huan and M.Y. Sangster,20102821862194Smialek, M., B. Tykalowski, T. Stenzel and A. Koncicki,201114291297Okwor, E.C., D.C. Eze and O.M. Uzuegbu,201334851Van Ginkel, F.W., D.C. Tang, S.L. Gulley and H. Toro,2009332834Macpherson, A.J., K.D. McCoy, F.E. Johansen and P. Brandtzaeg,200811122Lee, D.H., J.K. Park, J.H. Kwon, S.S. Yuk and T.O. Erdene-Ochir et al.,20132013Kryczek, I., S. Wei, L. Vatan, J. Escara-Wilke, W. Szeliga, E.T. Keller and W. Zou,2007+ T cell pool IL-1 subverts IL-2-mediated suppression.]]>17914231426Rauw, F., Y. Gardin, V. Palya, S. Anbari and M. Gonze et al.,2010134249258Cardenas-Garcia, S., R.P. Dunwoody, V. Marcano, D.G. Diel and R.J. Williams et al.,20162016Julkunen, I., K. Melen, M. Nyqvist, J. Pirhonen, T. Sareneva and S. Matikainen,200019S32S37Osterlund, P., V. Veckman, J. Siren, K.M. Klucher, J. Hiscott, S. Matikainen and I. Julkunen,20057996089617Sharma, J.M.,20032003pp: 5-16pp: 5-16