Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences1028-88801812-5735Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/pjbs.2007.3606.3612Fusarium pseudograminearum as a New Soil Born Fungal Species in North West Iran]]>SaremiH. AmmarellouA. JafaryH. 1220071020Root rot and crown rot is one of the main important fungal diseases on wheat in North West Iran. The disease was studied during 1999-2004 growing seasons in four provinces including Qazvin, Zanjan, East Azarbyjan and Ardabil. Different wheat fields in the areas studied were visited and samples of the plants showing symptoms like chlorosis, withering, whiting of spikes, growth reduction and white heads were collected and transferred to the laboratory. Samples were surface sterilized with sodium hypochlorite and then cultured on common media (PDA) and specific media (PPA and CLA). Totally 155 fungal isolates belonging to five genera were identified and the pathogen most frequently isolated was Fusarium pseudograminearum (formerly known as F. graminearum Group 1). This species normally causes crown rot resulting in severe damage in several locations under dry spring conditions. The disease caused losses from 18-45.5% in the fields where the season and crop rotation allowed the disease to build up. Prolonged moisture stresses coupled with relatively high soil temperature in the fall enhanced early disease development on the roots and sub crown internodes. Environmental conditions and genetic susceptibility of cultivars were the two main factors affecting diseases incidence.]]>Akinsanmi, O.A., V. Mitter, S. Simpfendorfer, D. Backhouse and S. Chakraborty,2004Fusarium spp. isolated from wheat fields in Queensland and northern New South Wales.]]>5597107Akinsanmi, O., D. Backhouse, S. Simpfendorfer and S. Chakraborty,2006Fusarium graminearum and F. pseudograminearum.]]>55494504Akinsanmi, O.A., D. Backhouse, S. Simpfendorfer and S. Chakraborty,2006Fusarium isolates associated with head blight of wheat in Australia.]]>154513521Al-Ahmad, M.,1993Verticillium wilt of olive.]]>23531535Allizadeh, A., G. Karimzadeh, A. Saiedi and A.M. Abedini,2001Triticium aestivum) Fusarium white head.]]>2001pp: 202Annesi, T. and E. Motta,199424203209Aoki, T. and K. O'Donnell,1999Fusarium pseudograminearum sp. nov., formerly recognized as the group I population of F. graminearum.]]>91597609Balmas, V.,1994Fusarium graminearum group 1.]]>73317317Bentley, A.R., M.G. Cromey, R. Farrokhi-Nejad, J.F. Leslie, B.A. Summerell and L.W. Burgess,2006Fusarium crown and root rot pathogens associated with wheat and grass stem bases on the South Island of New Zealand.]]>35495502Bockus, W.W., R.L. Bowden, R.M. Hunger, W.L. Morrill, T.D. Murray and R.W. Smiley,20073rd Edn.,Burgess, L.W., P.E. Nelson, T.A. Toussoun and G.A. Forbes,1988Fusarium species in Sections Roseum, Arthrosporietta, Gibbosum and Discolour recovered from grassland pasture and pine nursery soils of Eastern Australia.]]>80815824Burgess, L.W., D. Backhouse, B.A. Summerell, A.B. Pattison, T.A. Klein, R.J. Esdaile and G. Ticehutst,1993Fusarium graminearum Schw. Group 1.]]>33451456Burgess, L.W., B.A. Summerell, S. Bullock, K.P. Gott and D. Backhouse,19943rd Edn.pp: 133pp: 133Burgess, L.W., D. Backhouse, L.J. Swan and R.J. Esdaile,1996Fusarium crown rot of wheat by late stubble burning and rotation with sorghum.]]>25229233Chakraborty, S., J.B. Scott, O.A. Akinsanmi, C.J. Liu, V. Mitter and R. Dill-Macky,2006Fusarium pathogens of wheat in Australia.]]>2006Duff, L.D. and M.I. Connelly,1993Pythium, Phytophthora and Sclerotinia species in a nursery potting mix.]]>222835Etebarian, H. and M. Torabi,1996Fusarium head blight.]]>32911Froutan, A., T. Bamdadian, M. Valipour and H. Kyanoush,19951995Hall, R.,1996pp: 330pp: 330Karimi, H.,1992pp: 559pp: 559Klaasen, J.A., F.N. Matthee, W.F.O. Marasas and D.J. Van Schalkwyk,1991Fusarium species from plant debris in soil and wheat stubble and crowns at different locations in the Southern and Western Cape.]]>23299307Liu, C., V. Mitter, T. Magner, T. Ban and S. Chakraborty,2004Fusarium head blight and crown rot in hexaploid wheat.]]>2004pp: 284Lopez-Escudero, F.J. and M.A. Blanco-Lopez,1997Verticillium wilt by soil solarization in established olive orchards in Andalucda (South Spain).]]>1997pp: 84Mansoury, B.,19951995Marasas, W.F.O., L.W. Burgess, R.Y. Anelich, S.C. Lampercht and D.J. Van Schalkwyk,1988Fusarium species associated with plant debris in South African soil.]]>546371McGovern, R.J. and R. McSorley,1997Mitter, V., M.C. Zhang, C.J. Liu, R. Ghosh, M. Ghosh and S. Chakraborty,200655433441Ravanloo, A. and Z. Banihashemi,1999Fusarium species on plant roots.]]>Sangalang, A.E., L.W. Burgess, D. Backhouse, J. Duff and M. Wurst,1995Fusarium species in soil from tropical arid and Mediterranean regions of Australia.]]>99523528Saremi, H.,1998Fusarium Species.]]>pp: 132pp: 132Saremi, H., L.W. Burgess and D. Backhouse,1999Fusarium species in a model plant-soil ecosystem.]]>31941947Saremi, H. and F. Farrokhi,2004Fusarium.]]>2004Smiley, R.W. and L.M. Patterson,1996Fusarium foot rot of winter wheat in the semiarid Pacific Northwest.]]>80944949Van Bruggen, A.H.C.,199579976984Wallwork, H.,1996pp: 62pp: 62Wearning, A.H. and L.W. Burgess,1977Fusarium roseum graminearum Group 1 in Eastern Australia wheat belt soils and its mode of survival.]]>69429442Wise, M.V.,1998pp: 112pp: 112Xie, G.Q., M.C. Zhang, T. Magner, S. Chakraborty and C.J. Liu,2006Fusarium head blight and crown rot in polypoidy wheat may be controlled by different genes.]]>2006