Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences1028-88801812-5735Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/pjbs.2013.1653.1661DebRajib KumarAmit ChakrabortySandip VermaAmit Kumar TiwariRuchi DhamaKuldeep SinghUmesh KumarSushil 1220131623Mastitis (inflammation of mammary gland) is a most devastating disease condition in terms of economic losses occurring throughout the world. The etiological agents may vary from place to place depending on climate; animal species and animal husbandry and include wide variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria; and fungi. They may be either contagious viz. Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus agalactiae or environmental viz. S. dysgalactiae, S. uberis, Corynebacterium bovis and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus. Conventional diagnostic tests viz. California Mastitis Test (CMT); R-mastitest and Mast-O-test methods are applied under field conditions; whereas somatic cell count and Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Count (BTSCC) are useful for early mastitis detection and detection of sub clinical or chronic mastitis respectively. In vitro culture based diagnosis require further study as they can detect only viable cells. The advent of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology along with its various versions like multiplex and real time PCR has improved the rapidity and sensitivity of diagnosis. Circulating micro RNA (miRNA) based diagnosis; immune assay and proteomics based detection along with biochips and biosensors prove to be asset to diagnosticians for advanced diagnosis of this economically important condition. Improvement of milking hygiene; implementation of post-milking teat disinfection; regular control of the milking equipments; implementation of milking order; Improvement of bedding material are the general measures to prevent new cases of mastitis. The use of antibiotics (intramammary infusions; bacteriocins) and herbs (Terminalia spp.) are important for prophylaxis and therapeutics. Vaccines viz. cell based; Recombinant (staphylococcal enterotoxin type C mutant) or chimeric (pauA); live (S. uberis 0140J stain based) and bacterial surface extract based; DNA-based and DNA-protein based have greatly aided in management of bovine mastitis. Quorum sensing and disease resistant breeding using novel biomarkers viz. toll like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4, interleukin (IL) 8; breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and calcium channel voltage-dependent alpha 2/delta sub unit 1 (CACNA2D1) are also indispensable. This mini review gives an overview of all these different aspects that act as trend setters as far as the diagnosis and control of bovine mastitis is concerned to help the diagnosticians; epidemiologists and researchers not to remain ignorant about this grave condition.]]>Akerstedt, M., L. Bjorck, K.P. Waller and M. Sternesjo,200673299305Amin, A.S., R.H.H. Amouda and A.A.A. Abdel-All,20116199206Atyabi, N., M. Vodjgani, F. Gharagozloo and A. Bahonar,200677679Beckley, M.S. and T. Johnson,196649746746Boehmer, J.L.,201116323338Bogni, C., L. Odierno, C. Raspanti, J. Giraudo and A. Larriestra et al.,20112011pp: 483-494pp: 483-494Bytyqi, H., U. Zaugg, K. Sherifi, A. Hamidi, M. Gjonbalaj, S. Muji and H. Mehmeti,201080173183Calzolari, A., J.A. Giraudo, H. Rampone, L. Odierno and A.T. Giraudo et al.,199780854858Camussone, C.M., C.M. Veaute, C. Porporatto, B. Morein, I.S. Marcipar and L.F. Calvinho,2013Staphylococcus aureus CP5 whole cell vaccine formulated with ISCOMATRIXTM adjuvant.]]>807280Chang, B.S., J.S. Moon, H.M. Kang, Y.I. Kim and H.K. Lee et al.,2008Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle.]]>2620812091Chen, K. and N. Rajewsky,2007893103Chen, R., Z. Yang, D. Ji, Y. Mao and Y. Chen et al.,20113840834088Whyte, D., M. Walmsley, A. Liew, R. Claycomb and G. Mein,200572115121De Vliegher, S., L.K. Fox, S. Piepers, S. McDougall and H.W. Barkema,20129510251040Deb, R., S. Chakraborty and U. Singh,20122012Deb, R., U. Singh, S. Kumar, A. Kumar, S. Mann, R. Singh and A. Sharma,20132013Dimov, I.K., J.L. Garcia-Cordero, J. O'Grady, C.R. Poulsen and C. Viguier et al.,2008820712078Dohoo, I.R. and A.H. Meek,198223119125Eckersall, P.D.,200715240243Erskine, R.J.,20012001pp: 397-433pp: 397-433Espeche, M.C., M.C. Otero, F. Sesma and M.E.F. Nader-Macias,2009135346357Finch, J.M., A. Winter, A.W. Walton and J.A. Leigh,1997Streptococcus uberis.]]>1511381143Fontaine, M.C., J. Perez-Casal, X.M. Song, J. Shelford, P.J. Willson and A.A. Potter,2002Streptococcus uberis GapC or a chimeric CAMP antigen confers protection against heterologous bacterial challenge.]]>2022782286FAO.,20052005Fox, L.K. and D.S. Adams,2000Staphylococcus aureus in milk following experimental intramammary infection.]]>47517526Garcia-Cordero, J.L. and A.J. Ricco,20082008pp: 962-969pp: 962-969Gonzalo, C., J.R. Martinez, J.A. Carriedo and F.S. Primitivo,200386138145Gu, Z., S. Eleswarapu and H. Jiang,2007581981988Harmon, R.J.,19947721032112Hawari, A.D. and F. Al-Dabbas,200833639Hiss, S., M. Mielenz, R.M. Bruckmaier and H. Sauerwein,20048737783784Kalorey, D.R., N.V. Kurkurey, S.R. Warke and S.B. Barbuddhe,200754301306Kerr, D.E. and O. Wellnitz,2003813847Khate, K. and B.R. Yadav,201080467469Koskinen, M.T., J. Holopainen, S. Pyorala, P. Bredbacka and A. Pitkala et al.,200992952959Koskinen, M.T., G.J. Wellenberg, O.C. Sampimon, J. Holopainen and A. Rothkamp et al.,20109357075715Kumar, A., A. Rahal, S.K. Dwivedi and M.K. Gupta,2010383134Lee, K.H., J.W. Lee, S.W. Wang, L.Y. Liu and M.F. Lee et al.,200820463471Leininger, D.J., J.R. Roberson, F. Elvinger, D. Ward and R.M. Akers,2003Escherichia coil mastitis.]]>2226366Lippolis, J.D. and T.A. Reinhardt,20051035365Madico, G., T.C. Quinn, J. Boman and C.A. Gaydos,2000Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci using the 16S and 16S-23S spacer rRNA genes.]]>3810851093Malinowski, E., H. Lassa, A. Kłossowska, H. Markiewicz, M. Kaczmarowski and S. Smulski,200650349352Middleton, J.R., D. Hardin, B. Steevens, R. Randle and J.W. Tyler,2004224419423Moore, G.E.,2011Streptococcus uberis associated with intramammary infections.]]>2011Musser, J.M.B., K.L. Anderson and M. Caballero,19985910871091 Nielsen, C.,20092009Novick, R.P. and E. Geisinger,200842541564Olde Riekerink, R.G.M., I. Ohnstad, B. van Santen and H.W. Barkema,20129549314938Owens, W.E., C.H. Ray, J.L. Watts and R.J. Yancey,199780313317Pemberton, R.M., J.P. Hart and T.T. Mottram,200112618661871Phuektes, P., P.D. Mansell and G.F. Browning,2001Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcal causes of bovine mastitis.]]>8411401148Pitkala, A., V. Gindonis, H. Wallin and T. Honkanen-Buzalski,200588553559Pyorala, S.,200334565578Pyorala, S.,200962S40S44Radostits, O.M.,20072007pp: 673-728pp: 673-728Rajeev, N.K., S. Isloor, D. Rathnamma and N.B. Shridhar,2009Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli of bovine mastitis.]]>86883885Reyher, K.K., D. Haine, I.R. Dohoo and C.W. Revie,20129564836502Riffon, R., K. Sayasith, H. Khalil, Dubreuil, P.M. Drolet and J. Lagace,20013925842589Sahay, S., B.P. Sinha, S.P. Verma, B.K. Sinha and A. Thakur,200627123123Sargeant, J.M., K.E. Leslie, J.E. Shirley, B.J. Pulkrabek and G.H. Lim,20018420182024Schepers, A.J., T.J. Lam, Y.H. Schukken, J.B. Wilmink and W.J. Hanekamp,19978018331840Sharma, H., S.K. Maiti and K.K. Sharma,20072145151Sharma, N.,20032003Shkreta, L., B.G. Talbot, M.S. Diarra and P. Lacasse,2004Staphylococcus aureus induced mastitis in dairy cows.]]>23114126Singh, M.,20022002pp: 6477Skrzypek, R., J. Wojtowski and R.D. Fahr,200451127131Smith, K.L., D.A. Todhunter and P.S. Schoenberger,19856815311553Smolenski, G., S. Haines, F.Y. Kwan, J. Bond and V. Farr et al.,20076207215Awandkar, S.P., N.V. Khode, V.M. Sardar and M.S. Mendhe,20094117122Syring, C., R. Boss, M. Reist, M. Bodmer, J. Hummerjohann, P. Gehrig and H.U. Graber,20129536743682Taponen, S., L. Salmikivi, H. Simojoki, M.T. Koskinen and S. Pyorala,20099226102617Vashney, S., P. Vashney, S.K. Dash, M.K. Gupta, A. Kumar, B. Singh and A. Sharma,2012Terminelia chebula and Terminalia belerica against mastitis field isolates.]]>4167169Viguier, C., S. Arora, N. Gilmartin, K. Welbeck and R. O'Kennedy,200927486493Wang, X.J., J.L. Reyes, N.H. Chua and T. Gaasterland,2004Arabidopsis thaliana micro RNAs and their mRNA targets Gaasterland.]]>5R65R65Waters, C.M. and B.L. Bassler,200521319346White, F. and E.A.S. Rattray,196575253261Jiusheng, W., L. Yuehuan, H. Songhua and Z. Jiyong,2008Streptococcus agalactiae in milk samples collected on filter paper disks.]]>21124130Xu, J., B. Wang, Y. Zhang, R. Li, Y. Wang and S. Zhang,20123930973102Yamagishi, N., Y. Jinkawa, K. Omoe, S. Makino and K. Oboshi,2007Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis by broth cultivation and PCR.]]>161381383Yazdankhah, S.P., A.L. Hellemann, K. Ronningen and E. Olsen,1998Staphylococcus species in milk by ELISA based on monodisperse magnetic particles.]]>621726Yin, R.L., C. Li, Z.T. Yang, Y.J. Zhang and W.L. Bai et al.,2009Staphylococcus aureus and bovine IL18.]]>132270274Yuan, Z.R., J. Li, L. Liu, L.P. Zhang and L.M. Zhang et al.,20113851795183Zhang, L.P., Q.F. Gan, T.H. Ma, H.D. Li and X.P. Wang et al.,2009208795Anonymous,20082008