Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences1028-88801812-5735Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/pjbs.2019.383.392In vitro Anticancer Activity of Quinoa and Safflower Seeds and Their Preventive Effects on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver]]>MohamedDoha A. FoudaKarem Aly MohamedRasha S. 82019228Background and Objective: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not only the most common cause of liver diseases in humans but also it may complicate and become a risk factor for liver cancer. The present work aimed to evaluate the anticancer activity (in vitro) of quinoa and safflower seeds powder and their beneficial effects against NAFLD (in vivo). Materials and Methods: Proximate analysis, fatty acids profile, total phenolic and phytic acid of quinoa and safflower seeds were assessed. Also their anticancer activities (in vitro) against liver cancer were evaluated. The preventive effect of both seeds on NAFLD was evaluated using twenty four male rats. NAFLD was induced in rats by high fructose diet (HFD) for 4 weeks. The effects of HFD and HFD supplemented with 20% quinoa or safflower powder on plasma and liver lipids, lipid peroxidation, total protein, albumin as well as liver and kidney functions were determined. Results: Quinoa seeds powder was promising in cytotoxicity against hepatocarcinoma cell line HEPG2 (IC50 was 14.6 μg). Feeding rats on HFD produced dyslipidemia and significant increase in liver functions and lipid peroxidation with significant elevation in liver triglycerides and total cholesterol. Quinoa and safflower seeds powder produced improvement in the biochemical parameters with different degrees. Conclusion: Quinoa and safflower seeds powder possessed cytotoxicity against hepatocarcinoma cell line HEPG2 and afford hepato-protection against NAFLD.]]>Ganzetti, G., A. Campanati and A. Offidani,20157315326Takeuchi, M., J.I. Takino, A. Sakasai-Sakai, T. Takata and T. Ueda et al.,20146880893Sun, X., Y. Zhang and M. Xie,201767113Bodzin, A.S. and R.W. Busuttil,2015711571167Lim, S., T.J. Oh and K.K. Koh,2015201408412Harrison, S.A. and C.P. Day,20075617601769Jensen, T., M.F. Abdelmalek, S. Sullivan, K.J. Nadeau and M. Green et al.,20186810631075Rochlani, Y., N.V. Pothineni, S. Kovelamudi and J.L. Mehta,201711215225Bahadoran, Z., M. Golzarand, P. Mirmiran, N. Saadati and F. Azizi,201326145153Hassani, F.V., K. Shirani and H. Hosseinzadeh,2016Rosmarinus officinalis) as a potential therapeutic plant in metabolic syndrome: A review.]]>389931949Inada, A., P. Figueiredo, R. Santos-Eichler, K. Freitas, P. Hiane, A. Castro and R. Guimaraes,2017Morinda citrifolia Linn. (Noni) and its potential in obesity-related metabolic dysfunction.]]>2017Pisonero-Vaquero, S., J. Gonzalez-Gallego, S. Sanchez-Campos and M.V. Garcia-Mediavilla,20152229913012Delatorre-Herrera, J.,200319155165Ando, H., Y.C. Chen, H. Tang, M. Shimizu, K. Watanabe and T. Mitsunaga,200288084Graf, B.L., P. Rojas‐Silva, L.E. Rojo, J. Delatorre‐Herrera, M.E. Baldeon and I. Raskin,2015Chenopodium quinoa Willd.).]]>14431445Woldemichael, G. and M. Wink,2001Chenopodium quinoa.]]>4923272332Yao, Y., X. Yang, Z. Shi and G. Ren,2014Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages cells.]]>79H1018H1023Gomez-Caravaca, A.M., A. Segura-Carretero, A. Fernandez-Gutierrez and M.F. Caboni,2011Chenopodium quinoa Willd) by a liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry methodology.]]>591081510825Turgumbayeva, A.A., G.O. Ustenova, B.K. Yeskalieva, B.A. Ramazanova, K.D. Rahimov, H. Aisa and K.T. Juszkiewicz,2018Carthamus tinctorius L. flowers grown in Kazakhstan.]]>258789Cho, H., O. Kim, Y. Lee, L.J. Kang, C.N. Nguyen, A. Ishihara and H.E. Kim,2017491973979Kumar, N. and C. Chaiyasut,2015Carthamus tinctorius florets extract-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers.]]>7252257Rashed, M.M., M. Shallan, D.A. Mohamed, K. Fouda and L.M. Hanna,20142645651Mohamed, D.A., M.M. Rashed, M. Shallan, K. Fouda and L.M. Hanna,2016820632070AOAC.,201219th Edn.,Carciochi, R.A., G.D. Manrique and K. Dimitrov,2015Chenopodium quinoa) seeds.]]>5243964404Singleton, V.L., R. Orthofer and R.M. Lamuela-Raventos,19991999pp: 152-178pp: 152-178Gao, Y., C. Shang, M.A.S. Maroof, R.M. Biyashev and E.A. Grabau et al.,20074717971803Cordero, C.P., S.J. Morantes, A. Paez, J. Rincon and F.A. Aristizabal,2009Acnistus arborescens.]]>80364368Chang, W.C., H. Jia, W. Aw, K. Saito, S. Hasegawa and H. Kato,2014Helianthus tuberosus) in the prevention of the onset of type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fructose diet-fed rats.]]>112709717Watson, D.,19605637643Burstein, M., H.R. Scholnick and R. Morfin,197011583595Schriewer, H., U. Kohnert and G. Assmann,19842.]]>223540Megraw, R.E., D.E. Dunn and H.G. Biggs,197925273278Reinhold, J.G.,19531953pp: 88-97pp: 88-97Doumas, B.T., W.A. Watson and H.G. Biggs,1971318796Satoh, K.,1978903743Watts, R.W.E.,197411103111Reitman, S. and S. Frankel,1957285560Owen, J.A., B. Iggo, F.J. Scandrett and C.P. Stewart,195458426437Fawcett, J.K. and J.E. Scott,196013156159Folch, J., M. Lees and G.H.S. Stanley,1957226497509Vucenik, I. and A.M. Shamsuddin,200655109125Silva, E.O. and A.P.F. Bracarense,201681R1357R1362Choi, J.Y., H. Kim, Y.J. Choi, A. Ishihara, K. Back and S.G. Lee,20108111341141Hwang, J.T., E.J. Shin, M.Y. Chung, J.H. Park, S. Chung and H.K. Choi,2018Allium fistulosum inhibits development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.]]>12110117Wang, N., R. Kong, H. Luo, X. Xu and J. Lu,20172017Papandreou, D. and E. Andreou,20157575582Ter Horst, K. and M. Serlie,20172017Ackerman, Z., M. Oron-Herman, M. Grozovski, T. Rosenthal, O. Poppo, G. Link and B.A. Sela,20054510121018Koteish, A. and A.M. Diehl,200216679690Fan, C.Y., M.X. Wang, C.X. Ge, X. Wang, J.M. Li and L.D. Kong,201425353362Al-Okbi, S.Y., D.A. Mohamed, T.E. Hamed and R.S.H. Esmail,201464127133Cosenzi, A., E. Bernobich, N. Plazzotta, P. Seculin, G. Odoni and G. Bellini,199917965971Oudot, C., A.D. Lajoix, B. Jover and C. Rugale,201383674683Sanchez-Lozada, L.G., E. Tapia, P. Bautista-Garcia, V. Soto and C. Avila-Casado et al.,2008294F710F718Lanaspa, M.A., L.G. Sanchez-Lozada, Y.J. Choi, C. Cicerchi and M. Kanbay et al.,20122874073240744Vijaimohan, K., M. Jainu, K.E. Sabitha, S. Subramaniyam, C. Anandhan and S.C.S, Devi,200679448454Vega‐Galvez, A., M. Miranda, J. Vergara, E. Uribe, L. Puente and E.A. Martinez,2010Chenopodium quinoa willd.), an ancient Andean grain: A review.]]>9025412547Tang, Y., X. Li, P.X. Chen, B. Zhang and M. Hernandez et al.,2015Chenopodium quinoa Willd. genotypes.]]>174502508Kim, E.O., J.H. Oh, S.K. Lee, J.Y. Lee and S.W. Choi,2007Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds.]]>167177Penalvo, J.L., S.M. Heinonen, A.M. Aura and H. Adlercreutz,200513510561062Cho, J.Y., J. Park, P.S. Kim, E.S. Yoo, K.U. Baik and M.H. Park,2001Pterocarpus santalinus inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α production and T cell proliferation.]]>24167171Cosentino, M., F. Marino, R.C. Maio, M.G. Delle Canne, M. Luzzani, S. Paracchini and S. Lecchini,2010TM) extracted from the heartwood of Norway spruce (Picea abies).]]>10339343Jang, Y.P., S.R. Kim and Y.C. Kim,2001Torreya nucifera.]]>67470472Kim, S.H., Y.P. Jang, S.H. Sung, C.J. Kim, J.W. Kim and Y.C. Kim,2003Torreya nucifera against CCl4-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes.]]>2612021205Gomez-Caravaca, A.M., G. Iafelice, V. Verardo, E. Marconi and M.F. Caboni,2014Chenopodium quinoa Willd).]]>157174178Hirose, Y., T. Fujita, T. Ishii and N. Ueno,2010Chenopodium quinoa seeds cultivated in Japan.]]>11913001306Lutz, M., A. Martinez and E.A. Martinez,2013Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) from local ecotypes grown in arid Chile.]]>49117121De Carvalho, F.G., P.P. Ovidio, G.J. Padovan, A.A. Jordao, Jr., J.S. Marchini and A.M. Navarro,201465380385Mithila, M.V. and F. Khanum,20155267356741