Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences1028-88801812-5735Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/pjbs.2020.1456.1461Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn) and Fusarium solani (Marti) causing damping-off disease in tomato with Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas fluorescens]]>AlsudaniAli A Raheem Lateef Al-AwsiGhaidaa 1120202311Background and Objective: The Damping-off disease is one of the most reasons for low productively of tomato in the world, especially in Iraq. In the current study, two types of bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas fluorescens) were used to evaluate their efficacy in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani and protecting the seeds of tomato and increasing their germination percentage. Materials and Methods: Dual culture technique and Food poisoning technique were used to study the effect of bacteria on the growth of fungi understudy, and study the effect of bacterial filtrates on germination of tomato seeds. Results:A. chroococcum showed the strongest antagonistic activity followed by P. fluorescens with the percentage of inhibition ranging between 72.9-77.1 and 69.5-70.3% for R. solani and F. solani respectively after 7 days of incubation. The effect of A. chroococcum and P. fluorescens filtrates were increased and also increased the inhibition of growth of fungi understudy, A. chroococcum filtrate also showed the strongest inhibitory effect followed by P. fluorescens with the percentage of inhibition ranging between 86.0-87.0 and 83.0-83.5% for R. solani and F. solani respectively at 20% concentration of filtrate. The percentage of seeds germination reached 90% in the treatment of A. chroococcum filtrate and 80% in the treatment of P. fluorescens filtrate. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the filtrates of A. chroococcum and P. fluorescens have antifungal properties against R. solani and F. solani and provided a high protection and increasing tomato seeds germination percentage.]]>Raiola, A., M.M. Rigano, R. Calafiore, L. Frusciante and A. Barone,20142014Fentik, D.A.,2017Lycopersicon esculentum Mill).]]>2017Lamichhane, J.R., C. Durr, A.A. Schwanck, M. Robin and J. Sarthou et al.,20172017Jilani, M.S., K. Waseem, K. Ameer, T.A. Jilani, M. Kiran, A.A. Alizia and A. Parveen,2013501721Mancini, V. and G. Romanazzi,201370860868Du Toit, L.J.20042004pp: 675-677pp: 675-677Lamichhane, J.R., S. Dachbrodt-Saaydeh, P. Kudsk and A. Messéan,20151001024Kandel, Y.R., K.A. Wise, C.A. Bradley, M.I. Chilvers, A.U. Tenuta and D.S. Mueller,201610013391350Burns, J.R. and D.M. Benson,2000Catharanthus roseus caused by Pythium ultimum with Trichoderma virens and Binucleate rhizoctonia fungi.]]>84644648Bakker, P.A.H.M., L.X. Ran, C.M.J. Pieterse and L.C. Van Loon,20102559Skidmore, A.M. and C.H. Dickinson,1976Septoria nodorum and phylloplane fungi.]]>665764Moubasher, A.H. and A.T. Al-Subai,1987Pages: 108Pages: 108Barnett, H.L. and B.B. Hunter,19984th Edn.,pp: 150-259pp: 150-259Broekaert, W.F., F.R.G. Terras, B.P.A. Cammue and J. Vanderleyden,2006695559Carling, D.E., D.J. Helm and R.H. Leiner2007In vitro sensitivity of Rhizoctonia solani and other multinucleate and Binucleate rhizoctonia to selected fungicides.]]>70577578Armitage, P., G. Berry and J.N.S. Matthews,20084th Edn.,Pages: 832 Pages: 832 Bashan, Y. and L.E. de-Bashan,20052005pp: 103-115pp: 103-115Al-Azzawi and I.Q. Wahid,20102010Muhsin, M. and A. AL-Kaabi,2015Azotobacter chroococcum" in protection of seeds and seedlings of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). ]]>2176185Andersen, J.B., B. Koch, T.H. Nielsen, D. Sorensen and M. Hansen et al.,2003Pseudomonas sp. DSS73 is required for efficient biological containment of the root-pathogenic microfungi Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum.]]>1493746Chen, C., R.R. Belanger, N. Benhamou and T.C. Paulitz,1998Pseudomonas spp. impairs pre- and post-infection development of Pythium aphanidermatum on cucumber roots.]]>104877886Ongena, M., F. Daayf, P. Jacques, P. Thonart, N. Benhamou, T.C. Paulitz, P. Cornelis, N. Koedam and R.R. Belanger,2003486676Showkat, S., I. Murtaza, O. Laila and A. Ali,201212432Houssien, A.A., S.M. Ahmed and A.A. Ismail,2010Fusarium wilt disease using Trichoderma harzianum and salicylic acid under greenhouse conditions.]]>6328338